TypeError: implode(): Argument #2 ($array) must be of type ?array, int given

<?php
 
namespace Modules\Frontend\Controllers;
 
class CourseProfileController extends ControllerBase
{
 
    /**
     * @param $course
     */
    public function indexAction($course)
    {
        $lang_code = $this->language;
        $languagesModel = new \Languages();
        $lang = $languagesModel::findFirst("code='$lang_code'")->id;
 
        //second param is filters you want use
        $translates = $this->setViewTranslates($lang, ['menu', 'header', 'filters', 'footer', 'content', 'tabs']);
 
        $this->assets->addCss('frontend/dist/css/course-profile.css' . $this->disableCache());
        $this->assets->addJs('frontend/js/course-profile.js' . $this->disableCache());
        $this->assets->addJs('frontend/js/rating.js' . $this->disableCache());
 
        $courseRecord = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
            ->addFrom('Courses', 'c')
            ->columns("
                c.id id,
                ctr.title title,
                c.country_id country_id,
                c.city_id city_id,
                cot.title as country,
                cit.title as city,
                ctr.type_id type_id,
                c.university_id university_id,
                ctr.category_id category_id,
                ctr.duration duration,
                c.cost cost,
                c.registration_fee registration_fee,
                c.registration_end registration_end,
                c.study_start study_start,
                c.study_hours study_hours,
                utr.title as university,
                ctr.url_suffix url_suffix,
                ctr.description description,
                ctr.seo_title seo_title,
                ctr.seo_description seo_description,
                ctr.seo_keywords seo_keywords,
                ctr.url_cannonical url_cannonical
      ")
            ->leftjoin('UniversityTranslates', 'utr.university_id = c.university_id AND utr.language_id = :language_id:', 'utr')
            ->leftjoin('CourseTranslates', 'ctr.course_id = c.id AND ctr.language_id = :language_id:', 'ctr')
            ->leftjoin('CountriesTranslates', 'cot.country_id = c.country_id AND cot.language_id = :language_id:', 'cot')
            ->leftjoin('CitiesTranslates', 'cit.city_id = c.city_id AND cit.language_id = :language_id:', 'cit')
            ->andWhere("ctr.url_suffix = :course:")
            ->getQuery()
            ->getSingleResult(['course' => $course, 'language_id' => $lang]);
 
        if ($courseRecord) {
            $courseRecord = $courseRecord->toArray();
 
            $courseRecord['registration_end'] = date("d.m.Y", strtotime($courseRecord['registration_end']));
            $courseRecord['study_start'] = date('d.m.Y', strtotime($courseRecord['study_start']));
 
            $course_langs = \CourseLanguages::find(["course_id = :course_id:", "bind" => ["course_id" => $courseRecord['id']]])->toArray();
            $langs_ids = $this->getField($course_langs, 'language_id');
            if (count($langs_ids))
                $langs = \FilterTranslates::find(["id IN ({langs_ids:array}) AND language_id = :language_id:", "bind" => ["langs_ids" => $langs_ids, "language_id" => $lang]])->toArray();
 
            $course_profiles = \CourseProfile::find(["course_id = :course_id:", "bind" => ["course_id" => $courseRecord['id']]])->toArray();
            $profiles_ids = $this->getField($course_profiles, 'profile_id');
            if (count($profiles_ids))
                $profiles = \FilterTranslates::find(["id IN ({profiles_ids:array}) AND language_id = :language_id:", "bind" => ["profiles_ids" => $profiles_ids, "language_id" => $lang]])->toArray();
 
            $type = \FilterTranslates::findFirst(["id = :type_id: AND language_id = :language_id:", "bind" => ["type_id" => $courseRecord['type_id'], "language_id" => $lang]])->title;
            $duration = \FilterTranslates::findFirst(["id = :duration_id: AND language_id = :language_id:", "bind" => ["duration_id" => $courseRecord['duration'], "language_id" => $lang]])->title;
 
            $univer_record = \Universities::findFirstById($courseRecord['university_id']);
            if ($univer_record) {
                if ($univer_record->university_logo_id) {
                    $univerLogo = \Medias::findFirst($univer_record->university_logo_id)->large_url;
                    $logoAlt = \MediaSeo::findFirst(["media_id = :media_id: AND language_id = :language_id:", "bind" => ["media_id" => $univer_record->university_logo_id, "language_id" => $lang]])->alt;
                }
                if ($univer_record->banner_image_id)
                    $univerBanner = \Medias::findFirst($univer_record->banner_image_id)->original_url;
 
                $univerUrlSuffix = \UniversityTranslates::findFirst(["university_id = ?0 AND language_id = ?1", "bind" => [0 => $univer_record->id, 1 => $lang]])->url_suffix;
 
                $country = \CountriesTranslates::findFirst(["country_id = :country_id: AND language_id = :language_id:", "bind" => ["country_id" => $univer_record->country_id, "language_id" => $lang]])->title;
                $city = \CitiesTranslates::findFirst(["city_id = :city_id: AND language_id = :language_id:", "bind" => ["city_id" => $univer_record->city_id, "language_id" => $lang]])->title;
 
            }
 
            $courseMedia = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
                ->addFrom('CourseMedias', 'cm')
                ->columns("m.id id, m.large_url as url, ms.alt alt, ms.title title")
                ->leftjoin('Medias', 'm.id = cm.media_id', 'm')
                ->leftjoin('MediaSeo', 'ms.media_id = cm.media_id AND ms.language_id = :lang_id:', 'ms')
                ->where('cm.course_id = :course_id:')
                ->getQuery()
                ->execute(['course_id' => $courseRecord['id'], 'lang_id' => $lang])->toArray();
 
            $courseArticles = \CourseArticles::findByCourseId($courseRecord['id'])->toArray();
            $course_articles_ids = $this->getField($courseArticles, 'article_id');
 
            if ($course_articles_ids && count($course_articles_ids)) {
                $course_articles = \ArticleTranslates::find(["article_id IN ({course_articles_ids:array}) AND language_id = :language_id:", "bind" => ["course_articles_ids" => $course_articles_ids, "language_id" => $lang]]);
            }
 
            $courseForCompare = $courseRecord;
            $courseForCompare['langs'] = $langs_ids;
 
            $courseRecord['univer_country'] = $country;
            $courseRecord['univer_city'] = $city;
            $courseRecord['univer_url'] = $univerUrlSuffix;
 
            $courseRecord['langs'] = implode(', ', $this->getField($langs, 'title'));
            $courseRecord['type'] = $type;
            $courseRecord['duration'] = $duration;
            $courseRecord['profile'] = implode(', ', $this->getField($profiles, 'title'));
            $courseRecord['univer_logo'] = $univerLogo ?? false;
            $courseRecord['univer_banner'] = $univerBanner ?? false;
            $courseRecord['univer_logo_alt'] = $logoAlt;
        }
 
        $this->view->setVars([
            'course' => $courseRecord,
            'popularUnivers' => $this->getPopularUniversities($lang),
            'relatedUnivers' => $this->getRelatedUniversities($courseRecord['country_id'], $courseRecord['city_id'], $courseRecord['university_id'], $lang),
            'currentCity' => $courseRecord['city'],
            'courseMedia' => $courseMedia,
            'articles' => $course_articles,
            'meta' => [
                'title' => $courseRecord['seo_title'],
                'description' => $courseRecord['seo_description'],
                'keywords' => $courseRecord['seo_keywords'],
                'cannonical' => $courseRecord['url_cannonical'],
            ],
            'relatedCourses' => $this->getRelatedCourses($courseForCompare, $lang),
        ]);
 
 
        //language titles
        $course_translate = \CourseTranslates::findByCourseId($courseRecord['id']);
        $this->changeLangViewParams($course_translate);
 
        $breadcrumbs = $this->getBaseBreadCrumbs($translates, $lang_code);
 
        $breadcrumbs[] = [
            'pos' => '2',
            'title' => $translates['t_content']->accomodation_catalog,
            'url' => '/' . $lang_code . '/accomodation'
        ];
 
        $breadcrumbs[] = [
            'pos' => '3',
            'title' => $courseRecord['title'],
            'url' => '/' . $lang_code . '/courses/' . $courseRecord['url_suffix'],
            'last' => true
        ];
 
        $this->view->breadcrumbs = $breadcrumbs;
    }
 
    /**
     * @param $course
     * @param $lang
     * @param int $limit
     * @return array
     */
    public function getRelatedCourses($course, $lang, $limit = 5)
    {
        $course_langs = \CourseLanguages::find(["language_id IN ({langs_ids:array})", "bind" => ["langs_ids" => $course['langs']]])->toArray();
        $courses_ids = $this->getField($course_langs, 'course_id');
 
        $bind = [
            'first' => [
                "lang" => $lang,
                "exclude_id" => $course['id'],
                "title" => $course['title'],
                "courses_ids" => $courses_ids,
            ],
            'second' => [
                "lang" => $lang,
                "exclude_id" => $course['id'],
                "title" => $course['title'],
            ],
            'third' => [
                "lang" => $lang,
                "exclude_id" => $course['id'],
                "courses_ids" => $courses_ids,
            ]
        ];
 
        $andWhere = [
            'first' => ["ctr.title = :title:", "c.id IN ({courses_ids:array})"],
            'second' => ["ctr.title = :title:"],
            'third' => ["c.id IN ({courses_ids:array})"]
        ];
 
        /* get courses with with equal title and languages */
        $relatedCourses['first'] = $this->getCoursesByQuery($bind['first'], $andWhere['first'], $limit);
 
        /* get courses with equal title and different languages */
        if (!isset($relatedCourses['first']) || count($relatedCourses['first']) < $limit) {
            $secondLimit = isset($relatedCourses['first']) ? ($limit - count($relatedCourses['first'])) : $limit;
 
            $excludeIds = isset($relatedCourses['first']) ? $this->getField($relatedCourses['first'], 'id') : false;
            if ($excludeIds) {
                $bind['second']['exclude_items'] = $excludeIds;
                $andWhere['second'][] = "c.id NOT IN ({exclude_items:array})";
            }
 
            $relatedCourses['second'] = $this->getCoursesByQuery($bind['second'], $andWhere['second'], $secondLimit);
        }
 
        /* get courses with equal languages */
        if (!isset($relatedCourses['second']) || count($relatedCourses['second']) < $secondLimit) {
            $thirdLimit = (isset($relatedCourses['second'])) ? ($secondLimit - count($relatedCourses['second'])) : $secondLimit;
 
            if ($excludeIds) {
                if (isset($relatedCourses['second']) && count($relatedCourses['second'])) {
                    $excludeIds = array_merge($excludeIds, $this->getField($relatedCourses['second'], 'id'));
                }
                $bind['third']['exclude_items'] = $excludeIds;
                $andWhere['third'][] = "c.id NOT IN ({exclude_items:array})";
            } else {
                if (isset($relatedCourses['second']) && count($relatedCourses['second'])) {
                    $excludeIds = $this->getField($relatedCourses['second'], 'id');
                    if ($excludeIds) {
                        $bind['third']['exclude_items'] = $excludeIds;
                        $andWhere['third'][] = "c.id NOT IN ({exclude_items:array})";
                    }
                }
            }
 
            $relatedCourses['third'] = $this->getCoursesByQuery($bind['third'], $andWhere['third'], $thirdLimit);
        }
 
        $relatedCourses = array_merge($relatedCourses['first'], $relatedCourses['second'], $relatedCourses['third']);
 
        return $relatedCourses;
    }
 
    public function getCoursesByQuery($bind, $andWhere, $limit)
    {
 
        $relatedCourses = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
            ->addFrom('Courses', 'c')
            ->columns("
                c.id id, c.cost cost, ctr.title title, ctr.url_suffix as url, utr.title as university, utr.url_suffix as univer_url, 
                cot.title as country, cit.title as city, m.large_url as image, ms.alt as image_alt, ms.title as image_title, ctr.duration duration")
            ->leftjoin('CourseTranslates', 'ctr.course_id = c.id AND ctr.language_id = :lang:', 'ctr')
            ->leftjoin('UniversityTranslates', 'utr.university_id = c.university_id AND utr.language_id = :lang:', 'utr')
            ->leftjoin('CountriesTranslates', 'cot.country_id = c.country_id AND cot.language_id = :lang:', 'cot')
            ->leftjoin('CitiesTranslates', 'cit.city_id = c.city_id AND cit.language_id = :lang:', 'cit')
            ->leftjoin('Universities', 'u.id = c.university_id', 'u')
            ->leftjoin('Medias', 'm.id = u.banner_image_id', 'm')
            ->leftjoin('MediaSeo', 'ms.media_id = m.id AND ms.language_id = :lang:', 'ms')
            ->where("c.id <> :exclude_id:")
            ->andWhere("c.is_published = 1");
 
        foreach ($andWhere as $value) {
            if (strpos($value, ':array}') === false) {
                $relatedCourses = $relatedCourses->andWhere($value);
            } else {
                preg_match('/({(.*?):array})/', $value, $match);
                $key = trim(str_replace(":array}", "", $match[1]), "{");
 
                $relatedCourses = $relatedCourses->andWhere($value, [$key => $bind[$key]]);
                unset($bind[$key]);
            }
        }
 
 
        $relatedCourses = $relatedCourses->limit($limit)
            ->getQuery()
            ->execute($bind)
            ->toArray();
 
 
        foreach ($relatedCourses as $key => $item) {
            $course_langs = \CourseLanguages::findByCourseId($item['id'])->toArray();
            $langs_ids = $this->getField($course_langs, 'language_id');
            if (count($langs_ids)) {
                $langs = \FilterTranslates::find([
                    "id IN ({langs_ids:array}) AND language_id = :lang:",
                    "bind" => ["langs_ids" => $langs_ids, "lang" => $bind['lang']]])->toArray();
            }
            $relatedCourses[$key]['study_langs'] = implode(', ', $this->getField($langs, 'title'));
        }
 
        return $relatedCourses;
    }
}

<?php
//
use Phalcon\Mvc\Application;
use Phalcon\DI\FactoryDefault;
 
 
(new Phalcon\Support\Debug)->listen();
 
 
require_once __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php';
 
/**
 * The FactoryDefault Dependency Injector automatically register the right services providing a full stack framework
 */
$di = new FactoryDefault();
 
$dotenv = Dotenv\Dotenv::createImmutable(__DIR__);
$dotenv->load();
 
if($_ENV['ENVIRONMENT'] == 'local'){
    ini_set('display_errors', 1);
    ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
    ini_set('error_reporting', E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE);
    error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE);
} else {
    ini_set('display_errors', 0);
}
 
try {
 
 
    /**
     * Include services
     */
    $config = require __DIR__ . "/../apps/config/config.php";
 
 
    require_once __DIR__ . '/../apps/config/services.php';
 
    /**
     * Registering a router
     */
 
    require_once __DIR__ . "/../apps/config/routers.php";
 
 
    /**
     * Handle the request
     */
    $application = new Application($di);
 
 
    /**
     * Include modules
     */
    require_once __DIR__ . '/../apps/config/modules.php';
 
    $application->handle($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'])->send();
 
 
} catch (\Exception $e) {
    echo $e->getMessage();
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo $e->getMessage();
}